<!DOCTYPE html><html dir="ltr" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta content="Apache Tapestry Framework (version 5.3.8)" name="generator" /><meta content="IE=edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" /><meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport" /><meta content="Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform." name="description" /><link href="/apple-icon-57x57.png" sizes="57x57" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-60x60.png" sizes="60x60" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-72x72.png" sizes="72x72" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-76x76.png" sizes="76x76" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-114x114.png" sizes="114x114" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-120x120.png" sizes="120x120" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-144x144.png" sizes="144x144" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-152x152.png" sizes="152x152" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link href="/apple-icon-180x180.png" sizes="180x180" rel="apple-touch-icon" /><link sizes="32x32" href="/favicon-32x32.png" type="image/png" rel="icon" /><link sizes="192x192" href="/android-icon-192x192.png" type="image/png" rel="icon" /><link sizes="96x96" href="/favicon-96x96.png" type="image/png" rel="icon" /><link sizes="16x16" href="/favicon-16x16.png" type="image/png" rel="icon" /><link href="/manifest.json" rel="manifest" /><meta content="#ffffff" name="msapplication-TileColor" /><meta content="/ms-icon-144x144.png" name="msapplication-TileImage" /><meta content="#ffffff" name="theme-color" /><link media="print" href="/styles/PrintLayout.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" /><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/stack/en/core.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/stack/en/pqcore.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/stack/en/os-std.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/base/DocViewBase.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/extras/splitLines/jquery.splitlines.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/myresearch/CreateProfileOverlay.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/validation/usernameValidator.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/pqc/mixins/ZoneUpdater.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/DonorBranding.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/js/postProcessing/use-tools.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/docview/Tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/thirdparty/MathJaxToggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/docview/AccessToFullTextLinks.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/docview/SimilarDocuments.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/app/components/visualdesign/MainContentLeft.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script>
var ieMode = 0;
var dataLayer = [];
</script><!--[if IE 7]><script>ieMode = 7</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 8]><script>ieMode = 8</script><![endif]--><!--[if IE 9]><script>ieMode = 9</script><![endif]--><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" /><meta content="/images/pagelayout/ProQuest_logo.gif" property="og:image" /><script type="text/javascript">
var _vwo_clicks=10;
var _vwo_code=(function(){
var account_id=62881,
settings_tolerance=2000,
library_tolerance=2500,
use_existing_jquery=false,
// DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE
f=false,d=document;return{use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery;},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance;},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var a=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(a)a.parentNode.removeChild(a);}},finished:function(){return f;},load:function(a){var b=d.createElement('script');b.src=a;b.type='text/javascript';b.innerText;b.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish();};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(b);},init:function(){settings_timer=setTimeout('_vwo_code.finish()',settings_tolerance);this.load('//dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&amp;u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&amp;r='+Math.random());var a=d.createElement('style'),b='body{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}',h=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];a.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');a.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(a.styleSheet)a.styleSheet.cssText=b;else a.appendChild(d.createTextNode(b));h.appendChild(a);return settings_timer;}};}());_vwo_settings_timer=_vwo_code.init();
</script><title>MODALITY AND SELF-REFERENCE - ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global - ProQuest</title><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/default.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/tapestry-console.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/t5-alerts.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/tree.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/citethis.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/PageLayout.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/ContentLayout.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/uxframework/css/uxf-1.0.0-teal.min.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/overRide.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/openLayer.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/media-queries.css" /><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/styles/chart/Chart.css" /><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/extras/analytics/GTMContainerProd.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/extras/analytics/GoogleAnalytics.js" type="text/javascript"></script></head><body id="background"><div tabindex="-1" id="top"></div><div id="skip"><a accesskey="2" href="#start">Skip to main content</a></div><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/CommonHTML"],
extensions: ["tex2jax.js","mml2jax.js","MathMenu.js","MathZoom.js","AssistiveMML.js", "a11y/accessibility-menu.js"],
TeX: {
extensions: ["AMSmath.js","AMSsymbols.js","noErrors.js","noUndefined.js"]
},
MathML: {
extensions: ["mml3.js", "content-mathml.js"]
},
styles: {
".mjx-merror .mjx-char": {
"white-space":"normal !important",
padding: "0 !important",
"word-wrap": "break-word",
"word-break": "break-all",
"overflow-wrap": "break-word"
}
}
});
var pqMathJaxParseErrorHappened = false;
function pqMathJaxParseErrorHandler(message) {
console.log(message);
if (!pqMathJaxParseErrorHappened) {
pqMathJaxParseErrorHappened = true;
}
}
MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('MathML Jax - parse error', function(message) {
pqMathJaxParseErrorHandler(message);
});
MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('Math Processing Error', function(message) {
pqMathJaxParseErrorHandler(message);
});
MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('TeX Jax - parse error', function(message) {
pqMathJaxParseErrorHandler(message);
});
MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook('End', function() {
if (pqMathJaxParseErrorHappened) {
MathJax.Hub.Queue(['setRenderer', MathJax.Hub, 'PlainSource']);
MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub]);
}
});
</script><script id="mathJaxScript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js" async="async" type="text/javascript"></script><div class=" " id="wrapper"><div style="position:relative" id="content"><div class="navbar navbar-inverse"><div class="navbar-header"><button type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".bs-navbar-collapse" class="navbar-toggle"><span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li><span class="navbar-brand diagonal-thin"></span></li><li><div class="navbar-brand product-name"><div id="imgClassSwitch"><a href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/advanced?accountid=12967"><span class="sr-only">ProQuest</span><div title="ProQuest" class="pq-logo"></div></a></div></div></li></ul></div><nav class="collapse navbar-collapse bs-navbar-collapse"><div id="access-provided-by"><span id="provided-by-header">Access provided by</span><br /><span id="institution-name">OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY</span></div><ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"><li><a onmouseout="clearTimeout(pqga.funcDelay)" id="gaRecentSearches" title="Recent Searches" class="recSec" onmouseover="pqga.funcDelay= setTimeout(function(){dataLayer.push({event:'utilityMenuRecentSearchHover'})}, 600);" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/recentsearches?accountid=12967"><span class="sr-only">Recent Searches</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-back-in-time"></span></a></li><li><a style="" id="gaSelectedItems_link" class="wt-selected-items null" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/selecteditems?accountid=12967"><span class="sr-only">Selected Items</span><span title="Selected Items" class="uxf-icon uxf-folder" onmouseout="clearTimeout(pqga.funcDelay)" onmouseover="pqga.funcDelay= setTimeout(function(){dataLayer.push({event:'utilityMenuSelectedItemsHover'})}, 600);"></span><span class="" id="selecteditemscount_badge"></span></a><div data-backdrop="static" tabindex="-1" id="gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Display selected items layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay" class="modal-title">Display selected items</h2><button aria-label="Close Display selected items layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><div class="notSelectedPrompt"><p>Please select one or more items.</p><div class="clear"></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="float_right"><a data-dismiss="modal" href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="button">Close</a></div><div class="clear"></div></div></div></div></div></li><li aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown"><a title="My Research and Language Selection" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" onmouseout="clearTimeout(pqga.funcDelay)" onmouseover="pqga.funcDelay= setTimeout(function(){dataLayer.push({event:'utilityMenuMyResearchHover'})}, 600);" class="dropdown-toggle" id="mrDropdown"><span class="sr-only">My Research and Language Selection</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-user"></span></a><ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu"><li class="float-right"><a id="gaMRSignIn" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/myresearch/signin?accountid=12967"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-log-in"></span> Sign into My Research</a><li><a id="gaMRCreateAccountPage" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/myresearch/createaccount?accountid=12967"><span class="uxf-icon uxf-user-add"></span> Create My Research Account</a></li></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/bookshelf?accountid=12967"><span class="uxf-icon uxf-book-alt"></span> Bookshelf</a></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider"></li><li><a data-target="#endsession_confirm" data-toggle="modal" id="exitProQuestLink" href="#"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-log-out"></span> Exit ProQuest</a></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider"></li><li><a data-target="#languages" data-toggle="modal" id="gaMRLanguage" href="#"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-globe"></span> English</a></li><script>
$j(function(){
$j('#languages').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { $j('#mrDropdown').focus(); })
});
</script></ul></li><li aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="dropdown"><a title="Help and support" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" onmouseout="clearTimeout(pqga.funcDelay)" onmouseover="pqga.funcDelay= setTimeout(function(){dataLayer.push({event:'utilityMenuHelpItemsHover'})}, 600);" class="dropdown-toggle"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-help-circle"></span><span class="sr-only">Help and support</span></a><ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu helpMenu"><li role="menuitem"><a onClick="this.blur()" accesskey="6" text="ProQuest Help" title="ProQuest Help" class="popUpHelp" href="JavaScript:newPopup('/help/academic/webframe.html?Document_overview.html');" id="help">ProQuest Help<span></span></a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">Go directly to information on using the current page.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a target="_new" href="http://www.proquest.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/newplatform" id="gaHelpSupportLink">Support Center</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">Find answers to questions about products, access, use, setup, and administration.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a target="_new" href="http://proquest.libguides.com/proquestplatform" id="gaHelpTrainingLink">Training (LibGuides)</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">User guides, online and onsite training, webinars, and more.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a target="_new" href="info/pqrcvideos" id="researchSkillsLink">Research Skills</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">Produce better papers, faster, with the help of our research skills videos.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a title="Contact Us" href="http://www.proquest.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/pqissupportcontact" id="gaHelpContactLink">Contact Us</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">Have a question, idea, or some feedback? We want to hear from you.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a target="_new" href="https://trials-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/?accountId=12967&amp;accountName=OLD+DOMINION+UNIVERSITY&amp;sub=1000302,1000303,10000001,1007853,1009636,10000244,10000003,1007856,10000008,1007450,10000250,1007454,1007455,1007851,1007456,1007852,10000253,1005671,1006359,10000353,10000233,10000354,1007447,10000355,10000234,1007603,10000356,1007604,1009903,10000238,10000359,1007561,1007562,1007443,1007444,1007160,10000229,1007918,1007515,10000349,1008043,1009012,1009254,1009011,1009253,1009256,1009014,1009013,1009772,1009255,1009016,1009015,10000350,1009257,10000351,1009018,1009017,10000352,1000283,1009010,1005724,1000277,1009009,1009008,1008717,10000180,1009001,1007461,1009000,1009003,1009002,1009005,1009004,1009007,1009006,1005685,1008986,1008987,1007139,1009715,1007536,1008988,1008747,1007416,1009714,1008989,1007538,1008748,1007418,1008749,1007419,10000205,1007493,1008980,1007133,1007530,1008983,1007531,1008985,1007091,1007490,1007492,1008185,1007403,10000035,1007524,1007404,1007526,1007527,1007528,1007407,1007529,1009023,1009022,1009025,1009388,1009024,1007486,1007521,1007488,1009029,1007489,1007522,1009021,1009020,1007481,1006151,1000001,1007435,10000265,1007394,1009176,1007396,1007154,1007551,1007430,10000030,1007431,1007398,1007552,1007432,1007555,1007434,1007393,1009174,1008997,1007425,1008998,1008999,1007426,1008757,1007427,1007428,10000019,1008990,1007384,1008991,1007385,1008992,1008750,10000260,1007420,1007387,1008993,1008751,1008994,1008752,1007421,1007422,1008753,1007389,1007423,1007381" id="gaHelpTrialsLink">Product Trials</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">Request a free product trial.</span></li><li aria-hidden="true" class="divider hidden-xs"></li><li role="menuitem"><a target="_new" href="info/imageCredits" id="imageCreditsLink">Credits</a><span class="dropdownText hidden-xs small">View details about the photos used on different databases throughout the platform.</span></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><div style="background: url('https://pq-static-content.proquest.com/onesearch/prod/main/2020.5.0.333/images/product_images/pqdtglobal/image.jpg')" id="productBanner"><div class="title-nav-container landingPage clearfix"><div class="heading" role="heading">ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global</div><div class="pull-left"><ul id="product-level-nav" class="list-inline"><li><a accesskey="1" class="" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal?accountid=12967">Basic Search</a></li><li><a id="advancedsearch" class="" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/advanced?accountid=12967">Advanced Search</a></li><li><a title="Browse Topics &amp; Featured Content" class="" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout:browse?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Browse</a></li><li><a id="productFullDesc" class="" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/productfulldescdetail?accountid=12967">About</a></li><li class="productLevelOrSubjectVertical pipe hidden-xs"></li><li><a title="View and change the databases included in your search" class=" rightToLeft" id="databasePageLink" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/databases/index?accountid=12967">Change databases</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid"><div aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" id="languages" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">[[missing key: buttonClose]]</span></button><h2 class="modal-title">Select language</h2></div><div class="modal-body"><ul><li><a id="localeSwitcher_ar" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/ar?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">العربية</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_in" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/in?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_cs" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/cs?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Čeština</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_de" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/de?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Deutsch</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_es" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/es?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Español</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_fr" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/fr?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Français</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_ko" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/ko?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">한국어</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_it" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/it?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Italiano</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_hu" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/hu?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Magyar</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_ja" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/ja?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">日本語</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_no" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/no?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Norsk</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_pl" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/pl?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Polski</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_pt" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/pt?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Português (Brasil)</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_pt_PT" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/pt_PT?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Português (Portugal)</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_ru" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/ru?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Русский</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_th" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/th?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">ไทย</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_tr" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/tr?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Türkçe</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_zh_CN" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/zh_CN?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">中文(简体)‎</a></li><li><a id="localeSwitcher_zh_TW" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.popuplocaleswitcherlist:changelocale/zh_TW?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">中文(繁體)‎</a></li></ul></div><div class="modal-footer"></div></div></div></div><div class="hide" id="signInLinkZone"><div class="t-zone" id="linkZone"><a id="signInLink" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.actionlink?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">Sign in</a><span></span></div></div><div data-backdrop="static" tabindex="-1" id="signInFormOverlay" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Sign in to My Research layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_signInFormOverlay" class="modal-title">Sign in to My Research</h2><button aria-label="Close Sign in to My Research layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><div class="commomOverlayContent t-zone" id="overlayZone"><script>
var msgSignInForPrefs = "<p>Sign in to set your preferences and customize ProQuest for your research.</p>";
var msgSignInForSaveSearch = "<p>Sign in to save your search(es). You can use My Research in the future to view and rerun your searches.</p>";
</script><div id="signInTargetMsg"></div><p class="col-md-12">Save and organize your research.</p><form class="dynamicPreview" onsubmit="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" action="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.signinform.signinloginform" method="post" id="signInLoginForm"><div class="t-invisible"><input value="pqdtglobal" name="site" type="hidden"></input><input value="302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="lc/tKtojv1dTK62quV8xKoehx3w=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAK1SQUoDMRT9HSwUKy6E3kBXQirSiiguikUolFIodSuZTDpGZpI0P9NpN56gZ+gJxEt04c6VF/AAgitXLsy0gwquprhL3s9/ee+///AG5fQSWm3FrgVPzzQNeURnKrEERSiFVBNuHJDfRsrE+THgaIWkViiZNaGBpjIhoZqyW04s1a5uZk3ClOGR8IlPkZOW70DK7JXgUbA/4DbRB8Nl9bX29OlBqQtVpqQ1KurRmFvY697RCa1HVIb1gTVChudTbaGWCejI9o+AvhPwXy5aRV30jWIccZD4sUB0RMvHoDH6WDx7AFOdnsJJMVkJciOdfxzDPYCFbRTDHNqcLOMqF2/XFDFVJvilpZ9Dm5OttTTguFB7Nl7r8rlgKibaqHHionFBafwOx1W0klxaJKs07N9sFi+HW/PdybsHXhcqLBLudWelKNs+HvHYAb18YKVs2yrrn2+OMmTnCzz8Dk4wAwAA" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input></div><div aria-labelledby="myModalLabel_signInFormOverlay" role="form" id="signInLoginFormDiv"><input id="signInDestinationPage" name="signInDestinationPage" type="hidden"></input><div class="col-md-12 loginFormInputFields"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="siUsername" class="control-label">Username:</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="form-control" id="siUsername" name="siUsername" type="text"></input></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="siPassword" class="control-label">Password:</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="form-control" value="" id="siPassword" name="siPassword" type="password"></input></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-offset-3 col-md-4"><a title="Forgot your password?" id="forgottenAccountInfoLink" onClick="jQuery('button.close').click();" data-target="#forgottenOverlay" data-toggle="modal" href="#">Forgot your password?</a></div><div class="col-md-5 hidden-xs"><a id="createProfileLink" onClick="jQuery('button.close').click();" data-target="#createProfileOverlay" data-toggle="modal" class="pull-right" href="#">Create My Research account</a></div><div class="col-xs-12 visible-xs"><a id="createProfileLink" onClick="jQuery('button.close').click();" data-target="#createProfileOverlay" data-toggle="modal" class="pull-left" href="#">Create My Research account</a></div></div><div class="clearfix" id="modal-footer-ux"><div class="pull-right"><a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="submit_0">Sign in</a></div></div></div><div style="display:none;" class="t-zone" id="signInLoginFormWorking"><img class="t-autoloader-icon" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" alt="" /></div><img id="siUsername_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="siPassword_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /></form></div></div><div class="modal-footer"></div></div></div></div><div data-backdrop="static" tabindex="-1" id="createProfileOverlay" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Create a My Research account layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_createProfileOverlay" class="modal-title">Create a My Research account</h2><button aria-label="Close Create a My Research account layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><div class="lightviewInnerWrapper float_left"><div class="t-zone" id="profileZoneIdValue"><div class="dynamicPreview"><form onsubmit="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" action="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.createprofile.createprofileform" method="post" id="createProfileForm"><div class="t-invisible"><input value="pqdtglobal" name="site" type="hidden"></input><input value="302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="4zGpqpkg8UItzdK+ucYur1JpOYI=: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" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input></div><input value="profileZoneIdValue" name="dummmyProfileZoneIdValue" type="hidden"></input><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><p class="red"><strong>Required*</strong></p></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="username" class="control-label required">Username</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="username" name="username" type="text"></input><p class="small">Used to sign into your account.</p></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="password" class="control-label required">Password</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="password" name="password" type="password"></input><p class="small">Use 8 or more letters and numbers.</p></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="confirmPassword" class="control-label required">Retype password</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="confirmPassword" name="confirmPassword" type="password"></input></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="firstName" class="control-label">First name</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="firstName" name="firstName" type="text"></input><p class="small">Displays on screen when you are signed in.</p></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="lastName" class="control-label">Last name</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="lastName" name="lastName" type="text"></input><p class="small">Displays in emails sent from your account.</p></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="emailAddress" class="control-label required">Email address</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="emailAddress" name="emailAddress" type="text"></input><p class="small">Used for account confirmation, forgotten password reminders, and alerts.</p></div></div><div style="display:none;" class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="accountId" class="control-label">Account Id</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="form-control" id="accountId" name="accountId" type="text"></input><p class="small">Account Indentifier</p></div></div><div class="form-group"><label for="tAndC" class="control-label required"><input id="tAndC" name="tAndC" type="checkbox"></input>
I consent to the collection and use of my personal information consistent with the <a href="http://www.proquest.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/privacy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a>, and I acknowledge that use of the service is subject to the <a href="http://www.proquest.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/termsandconditions" target="_blank">Terms and Conditions</a>. Without your consent, we cannot create an account.
</label></div><div style="float:none;" class="form-group row"><div><label class="control-label" for="refWorks"><input id="refWorks" name="refWorks" type="checkbox"></input>
I want to link my new My Research account to my RefWorks account.
<a title="Learn more" class="popUpHelp noBG" href="JavaScript:newPopup('/help/academic/webframe.html?refworks.html');" id="refworksAndMR">Learn more<span></span></a></label></div></div><div class="clearfix t-invisible" id="refWorksAccount"><input value="gZw55Nq9zcRQZDP1yVvBLDToLB8=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAK2RO04DMRCGh0hUaQgSN4DWaUgDBQQhaFYoUgTUs95ZY3A8ZuzNJg1H4QSIS6Sg4w4cgJaKgl3EHgBIN5pv9D80T++wWZ/A8SnrK0v1QUBDDpdcJRWt8dbznKRZKC2EiYJwaR0pobJmuYuOjfUeZxQFRixGYUB9QyphoJhkOVKahZzNVY6R1DhvlqjTmSVX7E4pVWHvctV/23n57MFGBn3NPgm7i0YxwXZ2i3McOvRmOE1ivTlchASDxvy6Nc9a8/Z0TQXGvy0wEdYU47TKZzZGy371XOyXH4+vPYBFqMdw9MdUAWNshiLewwNAgq0OTH7AGrRb6f+83ghXQXNBXchBR847sg7175hf3xezwKYCAAA=" id="refWorksAccount-hidden" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input><p class="small existingRef">If you have a RefWorks account, save your login details here to keep your My Research citations and folders synchronized with RefWorks. You can add these settings later to the RefWorks Settings page, available from the My Account tab in My Research. <a href="/help/academic/webframe.html?sync_MR_refworks.html" target="_blank">Instructions for Athens and Shibboleth users</a>.</p><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="refWorksLoginName" class="control-label">Log-in name</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="refWorksLoginName" name="refWorksLoginName" type="text"></input></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="refworksPassword" class="control-label">Password</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="refworksPassword" name="refworksPassword" type="password"></input></div></div><div class="form-group row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="refworksGroupcode" class="control-label">Group code</label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField  form-control" id="refworksGroupcode" name="refworksGroupcode" type="text"></input><p class="small field_note clear_left">Optional - Enter if your RefWorks account is provided by a different institution</p></div></div></div><div class="clearfix t-zone" id="tAndCZone"><div class="clearfix" id="modal-footer-ux"><input value="ArSS0+gZMMykWhGqzhw+0hwbW+4=:H4sIAAAAAAAAACWOT2pCMRDGR6sgCKV4hu6EuFeklLoRHqUguo9xfIwkmZjJe+rGE/QMnsDjeI1Cj2B8rj6+f/C7/kH38AkfMzYrwsM46BKtPnGVlFDpyXONMQfKRNQJQ+QtWVRSrR2lZ1YJRokwNexU7vcVSlI6BFGGI1paZ3WBPfokatEc338iGxRpnAixv9yGnd/X+r8N7QJ6xlJezzcJBsVO13pktS9HixTJl5MC+mjR5cG3driHM7SOIcHbk+mrYVpmpkfzcgfPuar64AAAAA==" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input><div class="btn_wrapper float_right"><a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="submitCreateUser">Create account</a><span class="cancelLink"><a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" id="cancelOverLay">Cancel</a></span></div></div></div><img id="username_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="password_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="confirmPassword_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="firstName_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="lastName_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="emailAddress_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="accountId_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="tAndC_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="refWorksLoginName_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="refworksPassword_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /><img id="refworksGroupcode_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /></form></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"></div></div></div></div><div data-backdrop="true" tabindex="-1" id="forgottenOverlay" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Forgot your password? layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_forgottenOverlay" class="modal-title">Forgot your password?</h2><button aria-label="Close Forgot your password? layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><div><div class="t-zone" id="forgotZone"><div class="dynamicPreview"><p class="passwordMsg" id="importForgottentAccInfoInstr">Enter your My Research email address, and we'll email your username and password.</p><form class="forgottenAccountForm" onsubmit="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" action="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.forgottenaccountinfo.forgottenaccountform" method="post" id="forgottenAccountForm"><div class="t-invisible"><input value="pqdtglobal" name="site" type="hidden"></input><input value="302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="m6uKNnbuZH6Eg4vvVh5uFxbo/L8=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAK2Sv0pDMRTG04uWQsVBcXJxqJOQDtrFf1gpolBEKDq4SG7u6W0kN0mTc3vbxdXFZ+gTiLN7BzcnX8AHEJycHExvJ6kIFqfAl3Py/c53cv9G5rN9stvQ/EJAtm1YDJINdIrUiVgJpXtgvUDb2sYaERTjXKcKhWpr2hFRBMpZcuBvKTOMd4AiM+DQDmqUawtShP5MjFag0NHjvKNyZjUH51ppmAjnhFaXt2vL/dXHYkAKTVLmWqHV8pQlgGSpec16rCqZiqsttELFO32DpDgxzxrkcDZ4SJiQLIqsB/Ej1H4dIWQOaD30IuN4JEBGlRZgatbPR+XXlafPKe4uuSGFMedC7lOf+Pwbbf2vtFOJjx6irfbH8DkgpG9m/wJu/CB6oj2/ZWqs7qYexqMZ99P+c3+cphm+bMzdLfbeAxI0SYlL4atPojxEnytISLzwLdfSxPlqc6yUvwB4lw0EyAIAAA==" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input></div><input id="comingFrom" value="" name="hidden" type="hidden"></input><div id="errorPanel"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><label for="emailAddress">Email address: </label></div><div class="col-md-9"><input class="signintxtField form-control" id="emailAddress" name="emailAddress" type="text"></input></div></div><div class="clearfix" id="modal-footer-ux"><div class="pull-right"><a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="submit_3">Send</a><span class="cancelLink"><a data-dismiss="modal" href="#">Cancel</a></span></div></div><img id="emailAddress_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /></form></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"></div></div></div></div><div data-backdrop="true" tabindex="-1" id="endsession_confirm" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Exit layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_endsession_confirm" class="modal-title">Exit</h2><span class="sr-only" role="alert">Would you like to exit ProQuest or continue working? Tab through to the exit button or continue working link.</span><a title="Help icon" class="popUpHelpWindow noBG help overlay_header_HelpLink" href="JavaScript:newPopup('/help/academic/webframe.html?End_Session.html');" id="endsessionhelp"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-help-circle"><span class="sr-only">Help icon&gt;</span></span><span></span></a><button aria-label="Close Exit layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><p class="sessionText">Exit ProQuest, or continue working?</p></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="center-content"><a site="OS" role="button" id="endSessionLinkId" class="btn btn-default" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/sessionended/false?accountid=12967">Exit</a><a data-dismiss="modal" title="Continue working" id="endSessionConfirmCancel" href="#">Continue working</a></div><br /><div><p class="small"><strong>Note:</strong> Items you have selected during your session and your list of recent searches are not saved unless you have signed into your account and added them to My Research.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="clear_left"></div><a hidden="true" data-target="#endSessionWarning" data-toggle="modal" id="endSessionWarningLink"></a><div data-backdrop="true" tabindex="-1" id="endSessionWarning" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">Your session is about to expire layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_endSessionWarning" class="modal-title">Your session is about to expire</h2><span class="sr-only" role="alert">Your session is about to expire. Sessions expire after 30 minutes of inactivity. Tab through the options to the continue working button or end session link.</span><div class="sr-only">Help icon</div><a title="Help icon" class="popUpHelpWindow noBG help overlay_header_HelpLink" href="JavaScript:newPopup('/help/academic/webframe.html?End_Session.html');" id="endsessionhelp_0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-help-circle"><span class="sr-only">Close icon</span></span><span></span></a><a title="close icon" data-dismiss="modal" id="closeWarningModalLink"><span class="sr-only">Close icon</span></a><button aria-label="Close Your session is about to expire layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><p>Your session will expire in <span id='warnTime'></span>.</p><p>Sessions expire after 30 minutes of inactivity.</p></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="center-content"><a id="endSessionWarningCarryOn" role="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/sessionended?accountid=12967">Continue working</a><a id="endSessionWarningEndSession" role="link" title="Exit" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/sessionended?accountid=12967">End Session</a></div><br /><div><p class="small"><strong>Note:</strong> Items you have selected during your session and your list of recent searches are not saved unless you have signed into your account and added them to My Research.</p></div></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="-1" id="start"><script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({placement : 'bottom'});
jQuery('#mobile-menu-doc-options').click(function(){
jQuery('#closePanel').focus();
});
});
</script><div class="container"><div class="clearfix"><ul class="horizontal pull-left back-to-results"><li><a href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/results/3253057711674DC5PQ/1?accountid=12967#mlditem2"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-left-open-mini"></span>Back to results
</a></li></ul><div id="results-nav" class="clearfix"><ul class="horizontal pull-left hidden-xs"><li class="results-nav-spacing"><a id="prevLink" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/304804778/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/1?accountid=12967"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-left-open"></span><span class="hiddenText"> (previous record)</span>
</a></li><li class="results-nav-spacing"><span class="hiddenText">Document</span><strong> 2</strong> of <strong>183,041</strong></li><li class="results-nav-spacing"><a id="nextLink" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/1874427960/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/3?accountid=12967"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-right-open"></span><span class="hiddenText"> (next record)</span>
</a></li></ul><ul class="horizontal pull-right hidden-lg hidden-md"><li><a id="mobile-menu-doc-options" href="#0" class="cd-btn" onClick="pqGlobal.slidePanelOpen(this, 'moreLikeThisPanel')">More like this <span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-right-open-mini"></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-9"><div class="header_docview_page row clearfix"><ul class="horizontal open-access"><li><b>Full Text</b></li><li class="oa-pipe"></li><li>Dissertations &amp; Theses</li></ul><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12"><h1 class="documentTitle truncatedDocumentTitle" id="documentTitle">MODALITY AND SELF-REFERENCE</h1></div><script type="text/javascript">
var pqDocumentTitle = (function() {
var blockId = 'documentTitle';
var moreLinkText = '';
var lessLinkText = '';
var moreLinkAccessibilityText = 'More title';
var lessLinkAccessibilityText = 'Less title';
return {
checkOnTitleTruncation: function() {
var element = document.getElementById(blockId);
if ((element.offsetHeight + 30)  < element.scrollHeight) {
addCollapsableToggle();
} else {
$j('#' + blockId).removeClass('truncatedDocumentTitle');
}
}
};
function addCollapsableToggle() {
$j('#' + blockId).after('<a aria-label="' + moreLinkAccessibilityText + '" class="truncatedDocumentTitleLink collapsed" aria-controls="' + blockId + '" aria-expanded="false" id="MoreLink_' + blockId + '" href="">' + moreLinkText + '</a>');
$j('#MoreLink_'+ blockId).click(moreLinkClick);
}
function moreLinkClick() {
$j('#' + blockId).removeClass('truncatedDocumentTitle');
$j('#' + blockId).after('<a aria-label="' + lessLinkAccessibilityText + '" class="truncatedDocumentTitleLessLink truncatedDocumentTitleLink" aria-controls="' + blockId + '" aria-expanded="true" id="LessLink_' + blockId + '" href="">' + lessLinkText + '</a>');
$j('#LessLink_'+ blockId).click(lessLinkClick);
$j('#MoreLink_'+ blockId).remove();
$j('#LessLink_'+ blockId).focus();
return false;
}
function lessLinkClick() {
$j('#' + blockId).addClass('truncatedDocumentTitle');
$j('#' + blockId).after('<a aria-label="' + moreLinkAccessibilityText + '" class="truncatedDocumentTitleLink collapsed" aria-controls="' + blockId + '" aria-expanded="false" id="MoreLink_' + blockId + '" href="">' + moreLinkText + '</a>');
$j('#MoreLink_'+ blockId).click(moreLinkClick);
$j('#LessLink_'+ blockId).remove();
$j('#MoreLink_'+ blockId).focus();
return false;
}
})();
$j(function($) {
pqDocumentTitle.checkOnTitleTruncation();
});
</script><div class="abstract_Text col-xs-12 col-sm-10 col-md-10 col-lg-10"><span class="titleAuthorETC"><a id="lateralSearch" title="Click to search for more items by this author" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/NIEMI,+GUNNAR+WAYNE/$N?accountid=12967">NIEMI, GUNNAR WAYNE</a>.
</span><span class="titleAuthorETC ">University of Michigan, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7104694. </span>
</div><div class="col-xs-5 col-sm-2 col-md-2 col-lg-2"><img alt="Publisher logo. Links to publisher website, opened in a new window." onerror="checkForImage('https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.headertitle:imagecheck?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2');" style="display:none" class="img-responsive" id="pubLogo" /></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3"><div class="clearfix" id="use-tools">
<a noRewrite="true" download="ProQuestDocument.pdf" title="Download PDF" class="tool-option-link pdf-download" href="https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/2/FERoE?cit%3Aauth=NIEMI%2C+GUNNAR+WAYNE&amp;cit%3Atitle=MODALITY+AND+SELF-REFERENCE&amp;cit%3Apub=ProQuest+Dissertations+and+Theses&amp;cit%3Avol=&amp;cit%3Aiss=&amp;cit%3Apg=&amp;cit%3Adate=1970&amp;ic=true&amp;cit%3Aprod=ProQuest+Dissertations+%26+Theses+Global&amp;_a=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%2BgIBToIDA1dlYooDGkdBMS4yLjE1NDg1NzUwOS4xNTkxMTkyMTQz&amp;_s=TYlTGox06%2F9wadujIKXJcDAnoqc%3D" target="_new" id="downloadPDFLink" role="button"><span class="tool-option"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-download"></span><span aria-label="Download PDF" class="pdf-label">PDF</span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="optionLabel">Download PDF</span></a>
<a onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" data-toggle="" role="button" updateLinkhref="#" id="citethisLink" title="Cite" class="tool-option-link " aria-label="Cite" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0.citethis:updatecitationlink/DocView/relevance/citeThisZonecitethis/MSTAR_302563168?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"><span class="tool-option"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-quote"></span></span><span class="sr-only">Cite</span><span class="optionLabel">Cite</span></a><div class="t-zone" id="citeThisZonecitethis"><div id="cite_main_container_citethis"></div></div><a id="emailLink" onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" role="button" title="Email" class="tool-option-link" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:updateemaillink?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"><span class="tool-option"><span aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Email" class="uxf-icon uxf-mail"></span></span><span class="optionLabel">Email</span></a><div class="t-zone" id="saveAsEmailOverlayZone"></div><a id="printLayerLink" onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" data-target="#printLayerOverlay" title="Print" class="tool-option-link" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:print?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"><span class="tool-option"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-print"></span></span><span class="optionLabel">Print</span></a><a title="All save options" id="allSaveOptionsLink" href="#" data-toggle="" role="button" class="tool-option-link"><span class="tool-option dot-dot-dot"><span aria-hidden="true" aria-label="All save options" class="uxf-icon uxf-dot-three"></span></span><span class="optionLabel">All Options</span></a><a onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" hidden="true" id="allSaveOptionsHiddenLink" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:allsaveoptions?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"></a><div class="t-zone" id="useToolsPrintZone"></div><div class="t-zone" id="allSaveOptionsZone"></div><div class="t-zone" id="saveasZone"></div><div data-backdrop="static" tabindex="-1" id="mr_noSelectedItems" class="modal fade"><div class="modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><h2 class="sr-only">No items selected layer</h2><h2 role="heading" id="myModalLabel_mr_noSelectedItems" class="modal-title">No items selected</h2><button aria-label="Close No items selected layer" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body clearfix"><div class="noSelectedItemsOverlay"><p>Please select one or more items.</p></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="pull-right"><a title="Close" data-dismiss="modal" href="javascript:void(0);" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="button_0">
Close
</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="display: none;" id="noSelectedItemUseToolsPopover">
Select results items first to use the cite, email, and save options
</div><script>
$j(function($){
//Handles bootstrap tooltip display on use tools options
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({placement : 'bottom'});
});
});
</script></div></div></div></div><div id="docview-contents-wrapper"><div class="docView docview-mobile container" id="columnsWrapper"><div class="row" id="main"><div class="col-md-9 col-sm-12" id="mainContentLeft"><article><div class="docViewContentHeader"><div class="citationTextWrapper"><div class="clear_left"></div></div></div><div class="clear_left"></div><div class="clear_left"></div>
<div class="tabs docview" role="tabpanel"><ol class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"><li aria-selected="false" aria-expanded="false" role="presentation" class="tab" id="tab-SPDF-null"><a linkTitle="Full text - PDF from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" data-toggle="" onClick="sessionStorage.tabTriggered = 'true';sessionStorage.tabFocusId = JSON.stringify(this.id);" role="tab" aria-controls="Full text - PDF from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" source="item" id="addFlashPageParameterformat_fulltextPDF" title="Full text - PDF from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/302563168/fulltextPDF/3253057711674DC5PQ/2?accountid=12967">Full text - PDF</a></li><li aria-selected="false" aria-expanded="false" role="presentation" class="tab" id="tab-FulltextPreview-null"><a linkTitle="Preview - PDF (Scanned image) from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" data-toggle="" onClick="sessionStorage.tabTriggered = 'true';sessionStorage.tabFocusId = JSON.stringify(this.id);" role="tab" aria-controls="Preview - PDF (Scanned image) from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" source="item" id="addFlashPageParameterformat_previewPDF" title="Preview - PDF (Scanned image) from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/302563168/previewPDF/3253057711674DC5PQ/2?accountid=12967">Preview - PDF</a></li><li aria-selected="true" aria-expanded="true" role="presentation" class="active" id="tab-Record-null"><a linkTitle="Details from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" data-toggle="tab" onClick="sessionStorage.tabTriggered = 'true';sessionStorage.tabFocusId = JSON.stringify(this.id);" role="tab" aria-controls="Details from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" source="item" id="addFlashPageParameterformat_citation" title="Details from ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global: Social Sciences and other databases" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/docview/302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2?accountid=12967">Details</a></li></ol><div class="tab-content"><div class="tab-pane active" role="tabpanel" id="tab-Record-null"><div class="clearfix"><div class="contentPadingDocview"><div aria-live="polite" id="mathJaxToggleContainer"></div><a shape="rect" name="indexing" id="indexing" class="start"></a><div class="docViewFullCitation"><div class="clearfix"><div class="float_left"></div></div><div class="clear_left"></div><div class="content display_record_section_indexing  docViewIndex indexNoWrap" id="indexingSectionDiv_MSTAR_302563168"><div style="position:absolute;float:right;display:none">10000205</div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Subject </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><a id="lateralSearch" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/indexinglinkhandler/sng/subject/Philosophy/$N?accountid=12967">Philosophy</a><br /></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Classification </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><a id="lateralSearch" title="Classification" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/indexinglinkhandler/sng/cc/0422:+Philosophy/Keyword?accountid=12967">0422: Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Identifier / keyword </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook"><a id="lateralSearch" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/indexinglinkhandler/sng/if/Philosophy,+religion+and+theology/$N?accountid=12967">Philosophy, religion and theology</a></span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Title </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="hit">MODALITY</span> AND <span class="hit">SELF</span>-<span class="hit">REFERENCE</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Author </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><a id="lateralSearch" title="NIEMI, GUNNAR WAYNE" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/indexinglinkhandler/sng/au/NIEMI,+GUNNAR+WAYNE/$N?accountid=12967">NIEMI, GUNNAR WAYNE</a></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Number of pages </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">153</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Publication year </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">1970</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Degree date </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">1970</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">School code </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">0127</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Source </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">DAI-A 31/08, Dissertation Abstracts International</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Place of publication </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">Ann Arbor</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Country of publication </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">United States</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">ISBN </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">9798658116365</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">University/institution </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">University of Michigan</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">University location </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">United States -- Michigan</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Degree </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">Ph.D.</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Source type </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">Dissertations & Theses</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Language </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data">English</div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Document type </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">Dissertation/Thesis</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Dissertation/thesis number </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">7104694</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">ProQuest document ID </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">302563168</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Document URL </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">http://proxy.lib.odu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview/302563168?accountid=12967</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Copyright </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data"><span class="subjectField-postProcessingHook">Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works.</span></div></div><div class="display_record_indexing_row"><div class="display_record_indexing_fieldname">Database </div><div class="display_record_indexing_data">ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global</div></div><script>
$j(function($) {
$("div.vogue_images_indexing").not(":parent").remove();
$("div.display_record_indexing_row").not(":parent").remove();
});
</script></div></div><script>
$j(function($){
$('.display_record_indexing_row')
.filter(function() { return $(this).parents('.display_record_indexing_row').length == 0; })
.filter(function() { return $(this).has('.display_record_indexing_fieldname').length; })
.filter(":odd")
.addClass("zebra-stripe");
});
</script></div></div></div></div></div>
</article></div><div class="col-md-3 col-sm-4 col-xs-12" id="side_panel"><div class="cd-panel from-right" id="moreLikeThisPanel"><div class="cd-panel-container"><div aria-describedby="More like this" aria-labelledby="moreLikeThisPanel" role="dialog" class="cd-panel-content"><div class="clearfix hidden-lg hidden-md"><h1 class="pull-left">More like this</h1><a aria-selected="true" aria-label="close side panel" class="cd-panel-close pull-right uxf-icon uxf-close" onClick="pqGlobal.slidePanelClose()" id="closePanel" href="#"></a></div><form autocomplete="off" action="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.searchboxdocview.searchform" method="post" id="searchForm"><div class="t-invisible"><input value="pqdtglobal" name="site" type="hidden"></input><input value="302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="KvEJVjyMrdD/5Fh1P5B26YaCUA0=:H4sIAAAAAAAAAJWQP0oEMRSHn4PC4sIWgifQRUTINm6jWCyIIAwijNpnkudsJJNkk8wfG0/gGfYEspfYws7KC3gAwcrKwswM2oig7fcefB+/h1dYq4awdazZlcDqwCG1bJrqmmtWBkA64NHmzsJY24xQQ9kUiacGnbe3Y8K0RSlSklKHZJIGSJk/ESj5doK+MMPLZf9l8/EjgpUY+kwrb7U8ozl62IhvaElHkqpslHgrVHZYGw/rnfUiWP8eN/lv3LnVDJ1LijQXzgmtlgu+f/0+f4oAalPtws6vYqwNVRx5dwjyI6ZzYqyeFcEbKoz7NoeL0QqVd6RV+Z/i+fPe6v2gfIsgiqHHpAjfp3wGd+1iKDEPoFmsRc1Cg6+CpC1oeO8Tg3W9eMwBAAA=" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input></div><div id="side-panel-search"><div class="input-group"><label for="searchTerm" class="sr-only">Search this database...</label><textarea formId="searchForm.clientId" accesskey="4" onkeydown="pqga.fireTextEntryEvent(event, 'docViewSearchTermsEnterKeyPress');" placeholder="Search this database..." rows="1" class="form-control input" minChars="2" id="searchTerm" name="searchTerm"></textarea><span class="input-group-btn"><a aria-label="Search button" href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="expandedSearch"><span aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-search"></span><span class="sr-only">Search button</span></a></span></div></div></form><div class="hidden-xs"><div id="institutionalBranding"><div id="HeaderBranding"><div class="basicBrandImgRight brand50"><a href="http://www.odu.edu/library"><img title="Old Dominion University Libraries" alt="Old Dominion University Libraries" class="img-responsive" src="https://cdn.alexanderstreet.com/images/customer_branding/8.jpg" /></a></div><div class="NotruncLink brand50"><a target="Y" href="http://www.odu.edu/library/help/ask-librarian">Ask An ODU Librarian</a></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clear_left"></div></div></div><div class="display_record_formats docViewOtherFormat"><div class="clear_left"></div></div><div class="full-text-options"><div class="panel-heading" role="complementary" id="similarDocs"><h5 class="panel-title"><div class="t-zone" id="similarDocsLinkZone"><a id="hideSimilarDocs" onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" data-toggle="collapse" aria-controls="similarDocsPanel" aria-expanded="true" class="wt-expand-collapse-similar-docs panel-title" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.similardocuments.hidesimilardocs?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2">
Related items
</a></div></h5></div><div class="t-zone" id="similarDocsZone"><div id="similarDocsPanel" class="panel-collapse collapse in" role="complementary" aria-labelledby="similarDocsPanel"><div class="panel-body"><div>No other documents could be recommended to you based on your available ProQuest content.</div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-zone" id="indexSearchPanelZone"><a id="toggleIndexSearchTermsPanel" onclick="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" aria-hidden="true" href="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.searchwithindexterms.toggleindexsearchtermspanel?site=pqdtglobal&amp;t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"></a></div><div role="complementary" class="full-text-options"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title"><a onclick="toggleIndexSearchTermsPanel.simulate('click');pqga.gaDocViewIndexingTermsCollapseExpand();" class="" data-toggle="collapse" href="#indexSearchTermsPanel" aria-controls="indexSearchTermsPanel" aria-expanded="true" id="indexSearchTermsLink">Search with indexing terms</a></h5></div><div aria-expanded="true" id="indexSearchTermsPanel" class="panel-collapse collapse in" aria-labelledby="indexSearchTermsPanel"><div class="panel-body"><form onsubmit="javascript:return Tapestry.waitForPage(event);" action="https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.searchwithindexterms.frmindexfieldsearch" method="post" id="frmIndexFieldSearch"><div class="t-invisible"><input value="pqdtglobal" name="site" type="hidden"></input><input value="302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2" name="t:ac" type="hidden"></input><input value="8cdt+F7f6fiaadmXt4nT5DkNMGE=: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" name="t:formdata" type="hidden"></input></div><ul><li class="indexFieldSubHeader" role="heading"><strong>Subject</strong></li><input onclick="pqga.gaSelectDeselectCheckboxWithValue(this, 'indexingTermCheckbox', 'Philosophy');" id="idxFieldCheckBox" name="idxFieldCheckBox" type="checkbox"></input><label for="idxFieldCheckBox">Philosophy</label><div class="clear"></div><img id="idxFieldCheckBox_icon" class="t-error-icon t-invisible" alt="" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/core/spacer.gif" /></ul><div class="clear"></div><div class="wt-index-search-term-submit float_right btn_wrapper"><a href="#" class="btn btn-default" role="button" id="searchWithIndexTermsSubmit">Search</a></div></form><div class="clear"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-zone" id="progressivedisplay"><div class="t-loading">Loading ...</div></div></div></div><div id="fullTextZone"></div><div id="googleDriveOverlayId"></div><div id="oneDriveOverlayId"></div></div></div><span style="display:none;" id="top-link-block"><a href="#" class="well well-sm"><i aria-hidden="true" class="uxf-icon uxf-up-open-large"></i><span class="sr-only">Back to top</span></a></span></div><div id="footer-wrapper"><div class="row-fluid quicklinksContainer clearfix"><div class="pull-left col-sm-5 col-md-5 col-xs-12"><ul class="list-inline"></ul></div><div class="pull-right col-sm-7 col-md-7 col-xs-12"><div class="pull-right branding-mobile"><ul class="list-inline footerLogos pull-right"><li><a href="http://www.odu.edu/library"><img id="brnd0" title="Old Dominion University Libraries" alt="Old Dominion University Libraries" class="img-responsive footerLogo" src="https://cdn.alexanderstreet.com/images/customer_branding/8.jpg" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="pull-right branding-mobile"><ul class="footerBranding"><li><a target="Y" href="http://www.odu.edu/library/help/ask-librarian">Ask An ODU Librarian</a></li><li><a target="Y" href="http://www.odu.edu/library">ODU Library</a></li></ul><div class="footer_custom_text"><ul class="horizontal footerBranding"><li>Old Dominion University Libraries</li></ul></div></div><div class="clear_left"></div></div></div><footer id="footer" role="contentinfo" class="clearfix"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4"><div class="row"><div title="ProQuest logo" class="col-xs-4 col-sm-4 col-md-4 logo"></div></div></div><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-8"><ul class="quicklinks list-inline"><li><a title="Contact Us" href="http://www.proquest.com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/pqissupportcontact">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/termsandconditions" id="termsConditionsFooterLink">Terms and Conditions</a></li><li><a href="https://www-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/privacy" id="privacyPolicyFooterLink">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/cookie" id="cookiePolicyFooterLink">Cookie Policy</a></li><li><div id="teconsent"></div><script crossorigin="" src="//consent.truste.com/notice?domain=proquestproduct.com&amp;c=teconsent&amp;js=nj&amp;noticeType=bb&amp;text=true" async="async"></script></li><li><a accesskey="0" href="https://www-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/go/accessibility-platform" id="accessibilityFooterLink">Accessibility</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12"><span class="copyrightlink pull-right">Copyright © 2020 ProQuest LLC.</span></div></div></footer></div></div><script async="async" src="/assets/r2020.5.0.333/ctx/js/survey/qualtrics.js"></script><div style="display: none;" value="subscriber" id="pool">MqDLlDhqvpVgFjydaWJDJw==:7OxEgulV2ulmxI2iHF5hOw/DI12yXkzc/MCqrc6dNjQGOvYJqJOX5kAjSLh4eUsSZdQmIKjg20vLm7C3pSdyPohATlVxAap0W89X4aSU1xcJldGjx18O7CdIIYRuNw3jQvja21waP69XInDIv9E1id4vInKJmve6m978q9fgrJ35Qmi6mydAajf57Yt/4v34rZaEc+vCKRKJKtsVO6B56tloU3ROj538oXnioJEoyDiu1AQIX72+t2FLGHO4J7hkZluxjaV/950rUopJkZgakfii2UxW9eULA+fJu/9WtH1T8TvDcEWsxF2cyloGYehPVfK0rvWDTCWso1prjFkd9XHmu2zcjAiOonvRmH/YflY1asUZ+Y+AKf0r7A1JWET3ZehFg3hyxf4aGP0Jj05fXQ==</div><script>
var jQueryVersion = jQuery.fn.jquery.split('.').join('');
jQueryVersion = parseInt(jQueryVersion);
if(jQueryVersion == 180){
//When there are multiple jQuery versions on the page, force it to use latest version of jQuery loaded
jQuery.noConflict(true);
}
</script><script>
$j(window).load(function() {
pqga.sendPageTitleToGA('DocView: Details');
pqga.sendAnalyticsProductNameGA('ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global');
pqga.sendAnalyticsProductMonikerOOBGA('');
pqga.sendAnalyticsAccountIdToGA('12967');
pqga.sendSessionIDToGA('20200701153037317:587628');
pqga.sendJSessionIDToGA('2C187EFAAFE8876188C3F5EE703A8CC6.i-08bf5843702b4d234');
pqga.sendClientIDSessionToGA('GA1.2.154857509.1591192143');
pqga.sendClientIDHitToGA('GA1.2.154857509.1591192143');
pqga.sendOpenLayerToGA('0');
pqga.sendOpenLayerUserToGA('0');
});
</script><div id="ZN_5nVeM4sDdAHV9Y1"></div><script type="text/javascript">Tapestry.onDOMLoaded(function() {
Tapestry.init({"formEventManager":[{"formId":"signInLoginForm","validate":{"submit":true,"blur":true}},{"formId":"createProfileForm","validate":{"submit":true,"blur":true}},{"formId":"forgottenAccountForm","validate":{"submit":true,"blur":true}},{"formId":"searchForm","validate":{"submit":false,"blur":false}},{"formId":"frmIndexFieldSearch","validate":{"submit":true,"blur":true}}]});
$j('#gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#gaSelectedItems_itemsLink_noItemsOverlay').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
$j('#signInFormOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#signInFormOverlay').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#signInFormOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#signInFormOverlay').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
submitOnEnter('submit_0','signInLoginForm', true, true, "changeSigninLayer();", "", false);
$j('#createProfileOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#createProfileOverlay').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#createProfileOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#createProfileOverlay').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
new ZoneUpdater('tAndC', $('tAndC'), 'click', 'https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.createprofile.tandc:setviewforcreateaccount/XXX?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2', 'tAndCZone', 'XXX');
submitOnEnter('submitCreateUser','createProfileForm', true, true, "", "", true);
$j('#forgottenOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#forgottenOverlay').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#forgottenOverlay').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#forgottenOverlay').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
submitOnEnter('submit_3','forgottenAccountForm', true, true, "", "", false);
$j('#endsession_confirm').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#endsession_confirm').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#endsession_confirm').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { $j('#mrDropdown').focus(); })
$j('#endSessionWarning').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#endSessionWarning').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#endSessionWarning').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#endSessionWarning').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
$j('#mr_noSelectedItems').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').hide();})
$j('#mr_noSelectedItems').on('hide.bs.modal', function (e) {$j('object, embed').show();})
$j('#mr_noSelectedItems').on('show.bs.modal', function (e) { if (!modalTriggerElement) { modalTriggerElement = document.activeElement; } }); $j('#mr_noSelectedItems').on('hidden.bs.modal', function(e) { if (modalTriggerElement) { var parent = modalTriggerElement.parentNode; if (parent) { var dropdown = parent.parentNode; if (dropdown && $j(dropdown).hasClass('dropdown-menu')) { modalTriggerElement = dropdown.previousSibling; } modalTriggerElement.focus(); modalTriggerElement = ''; } } });
submitOnEnter('expandedSearch','searchForm', true, false, "", "", true);
submitOnEnter('searchWithIndexTermsSubmit','frmIndexFieldSearch', true, false, "", "", true);
pqga.pushDataToGA('2')
Tapestry.init({"selectedItemsCount":[{"multipleItemMsg":"%d","clientId":"selecteditemscount","fullFolder":"folderFull","emptyFolder":"uxf-icon uxf-folder","singleItemMsg":"1","itemMsg":"[[missing key: selectedItems.multipleItems.checkbox_badge]]","folderId":"selecteditemsfolder"}],"similarDocuments":[{}],"selectedItemsLink":[{"clientId":"gaSelectedItems","numItems":0}],"downloadPDF":[{"filename":"MODALITY_AND_SELF-REFERENCE.pdf","downloadPDFLinkId":"downloadPDFLink","downloadJPMorganPDFLinkId":"downloadJPMorganPDFLink"}],"basicSearchBox":[{}],"progressiveDisplay":[{"update":"show","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewanalytics.progressivedisplay?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2","element":"progressivedisplay"}],"popupWindowLinks":[{}],"docViewBase":[{"publisherName":"ProQuest Dissertations Publishing","scrollToSection":false}],"pqMathJaxToggle":[{"disableMathJax":"Disable MathJax","enableMathJax":"Enable MathJax"}],"formFragment":[{"element":"refWorksAccount"}],"signInOverlay":[{"refreshOnSignIn":""}],"zone":[{"show":"show","update":"show","element":"linkZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"overlayZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"profileZoneIdValue"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","parameters":{"t:formid":"createProfileForm","t:formcomponentid":"DocView:pagelayout.signinoverlay.createprofile.createprofileform"},"element":"tAndCZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"forgotZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"citeThisZonecitethis"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"saveAsEmailOverlayZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"useToolsPrintZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"allSaveOptionsZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"saveasZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"similarDocsLinkZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"similarDocsZone"},{"show":"show","update":"highlight","element":"indexSearchPanelZone"}],"linkZone":[{"linkId":"signInLoginForm","zoneId":"overlayZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.signinform.signinloginform"},{"linkId":"createProfileForm","zoneId":"profileZoneIdValue","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.createprofile.createprofileform"},{"linkId":"forgottenAccountForm","zoneId":"forgotZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.forgottenaccountinfo.forgottenaccountform"},{"linkId":"citethisLink","zoneId":"citeThisZonecitethis","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0.citethis:updatecitationlink/DocView/relevance/citeThisZonecitethis/MSTAR_302563168?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"},{"linkId":"emailLink","zoneId":"saveAsEmailOverlayZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:updateemaillink?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"},{"linkId":"printLayerLink","zoneId":"useToolsPrintZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:print?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"},{"linkId":"allSaveOptionsHiddenLink","zoneId":"allSaveOptionsZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.docviewusetools_0:allsaveoptions?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"},{"linkId":"hideSimilarDocs","zoneId":"similarDocsZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.similardocuments.hidesimilardocs?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"},{"linkId":"toggleIndexSearchTermsPanel","zoneId":"indexSearchPanelZone","url":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.searchwithindexterms.toggleindexsearchtermspanel?site=pqdtglobal&t:ac=302563168/citation/3253057711674DC5PQ/2"}],"endSessionWarning":[{"secondsText":"seconds","hoursText":"hours","googleCredentialLinked":false,"minutesText":"minutes","warntime":300,"pingURL":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.endsession:ping","microsoftCredentialLinked":false,"endSessionWarningCarryOnId":"endSessionWarningCarryOn","timeout":1800}],"activate":["siUsername"],"mainContentLeft":[{"hideSidePanelText":"Hide more options","showSidePanelText":"Show more options","sidePanelToggleLink":"sidePanelToggleLink","mainContentLeftId":"mainContentLeft","sidePanelId":"side_panel","cookieName":"DocView_maincontentleft"}],"usernameValidator":[{"lookupUrl":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/docview.pagelayout.signinoverlay.createprofile:checkusername"}],"CreateProfileOverlay":[{"myResearchLink":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/myresearch/documents?accountid=12967","tAndCId":"tAndC","clientId":"createProfile","preferencesLink":"https://search-proquest-com.proxy.lib.odu.edu/pqdtglobal/myresearch/preferences?accountid=12967","submitCreateUserId":"submitCreateUser","theme":"clean","publicKey":"6LfxwgITAAAAAMH36lxhqCGYN34Z208opz7d4gnK"}],"linkTriggerToFormFragment":[{"invert":false,"triggerId":"refWorks","fragmentId":"refWorksAccount"}],"databasePageLink":[{"linkId":"databasePageLink","linkFormId":"databaseOpenLayer"}],"validate":[{"firstName":[["maxlength","Your first name cannot be longer than 25 characters.",25]],"lastName":[["maxlength","Last name must be fewer than 25 characters in length.",25]],"siPassword":[["maxlength","Password: must be fewer than 25 characters in length.",25]],"password":[["regexp","Your password cannot contain punctuation characters.","^[^!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@_`{|}~]+$"],["minlength","Your password must be 8 characters or more in length.",8],["maxlength","Your password must be fewer than 25 characters in length.",25]],"emailAddress":[["maxlength","Email address must be fewer than 50 characters in length.",50],["pqemail","Enter a valid email address."],["maxlength","Email address:  must be fewer than 128 characters in length.",128]],"siUsername":[["maxlength","Username: must be fewer than 120 characters in length.",120]],"username":[["regexp","Your username cannot contain punctuation characters.","^[^!\"#$%&'()*+,./:;<=>?@_`{|}~]+$"],["minlength","Username must be 3 characters or more in length.",3],["maxlength","Username must be fewer than 50 characters in length.",50]]}]});
});
</script></body></html>